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<li><p>MySQL 是一种<strong>关系型数据库</strong></p>
</li>
<li><p>MySQL的默认端口号是<strong>3306</strong>。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>查看MySQL提供的所有存储引擎</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mysql<span class="operator">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">show</span> engines;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>通过下面的命令查看默认的存储引擎。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mysql<span class="operator">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">show</span> variables <span class="keyword">like</span> <span class="string">&#x27;%storage_engine%&#x27;</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><strong>查看表的存储引擎</strong></li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">show</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> status <span class="keyword">like</span> &quot;table_name&quot; ;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<h4 id="MyISAM和InnoDB区别"><a href="#MyISAM和InnoDB区别" class="headerlink" title="MyISAM和InnoDB区别"></a>MyISAM和InnoDB区别</h4><p>MyISAM是MySQL的默认数据库引擎（5.5版之前）。虽然性能极佳，而且提供了大量的特性，包括全文索引、压缩、空间函数等，但<strong>MyISAM不支持事务和行级锁，</strong>而且最大的缺陷就是崩溃后无法安全恢复。不过，5.5版本之后，MySQL引入了InnoDB（事务性数据库引擎），MySQL 5.5版本后默认的存储引擎为InnoDB。</p>
<p>大多数时候使用的都是 InnoDB 存储引擎，但是在某些情况下使用 MyISAM 也是合适的比如<strong>读密集</strong>的情况下。（如果不介意 MyISAM 崩溃恢复问题的话）。</p>
<p><strong>两者的对比：</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>是否支持行级锁</strong> : MyISAM 只有表级锁(table-level locking)，而InnoDB 支持行级锁(row-level locking)和表级锁,默认为行级锁。</li>
<li><strong>是否支持事务和崩溃后的安全恢复： MyISAM</strong> 强调的是性能，每次查询具有原子性,其执行速度比InnoDB类型更快，但是不提供事务支持。但是<strong>InnoDB</strong> 提供事务支持，外部键等高级数据库功能。 具有事务(commit)、回滚(rollback)和崩溃修复能力(crash recovery capabilities)的事务安全(transaction-safe (ACID compliant))型表。</li>
<li><strong>是否支持外键：</strong> MyISAM不支持，而InnoDB支持。</li>
<li><strong>是否支持MVCC</strong> ：仅 InnoDB 支持。应对高并发事务, MVCC比单纯的加锁更高效;MVCC只在 <code>READ COMMITTED</code> 和 <code>REPEATABLE READ</code> 两个隔离级别下工作;MVCC可以使用 乐观(optimistic)锁 和 悲观(pessimistic)锁来实现;各数据库中MVCC实现并不统一。推荐阅读：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000012650596">MySQL-InnoDB-MVCC多版本并发控制</a></li>
<li>……</li>
</ol>
<p>《MySQL高性能》上面有一句话这样写到:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>不要轻易相信“MyISAM比InnoDB快”之类的经验之谈，这个结论往往不是绝对的。在很多我们已知场景中，InnoDB的速度都可以让MyISAM望尘莫及，尤其是用到了<strong>聚簇索引</strong>，或者需要访问的数据都可以<strong>放入内存</strong>的应用。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>一般情况下我们选择 InnoDB 都是没有问题的，但是某些情况下你并不在乎可扩展能力和并发能力，也不需要事务支持，也不在乎崩溃后的安全恢复问题的话，选择MyISAM也是一个不错的选择。但是一般情况下，我们都是需要考虑到这些问题的。</p>
<h3 id="字符集及校对规则"><a href="#字符集及校对规则" class="headerlink" title="字符集及校对规则"></a>字符集及校对规则</h3><p>字符集指的是一种从二进制编码到某类字符符号的映射。校对规则则是指某种字符集下的排序规则。MySQL中每一种字符集都会对应一系列的校对规则。</p>
<p>MySQL采用的是类似继承的方式指定字符集的默认值，每个数据库以及每张数据表都有自己的默认值，他们逐层继承。比如：某个库中所有表的默认字符集将是该数据库所指定的字符集（这些表在没有指定字符集的情况下，才会采用默认字符集） 。</p>
<h3 id="索引"><a href="#索引" class="headerlink" title="索引"></a>索引</h3><p>MySQL索引使用的数据结构主要有<strong>BTree索引</strong> 和 <strong>哈希索引</strong> 。对于哈希索引来说，底层的数据结构就是哈希表，因此在绝大多数需求为<strong>单条记录查询</strong>的时候，可以选择哈希索引，查询性能最快；其余大部分场景，建议选择BTree索引。</p>
<p>MySQL的BTree索引使用的是B树中的B+Tree，但对于主要的两种存储引擎的实现方式是不同的。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>MyISAM:</strong> B+Tree叶节点的data域存放的是数据记录的地址。在索引检索的时候，首先按照B+Tree搜索算法搜索索引，如果指定的Key存在，则取出其 data 域的值，然后以 data 域的值为地址读取相应的数据记录。这被称为“非聚簇索引”。</li>
<li><strong>InnoDB:</strong> 其数据文件本身就是索引文件。相比MyISAM，索引文件和数据文件是分离的，其表数据文件本身就是按B+Tree组织的一个索引结构，树的叶节点data域保存了完整的数据记录。这个索引的key是数据表的主键，因此InnoDB表数据文件本身就是主索引。这被称为“聚簇索引（或聚集索引）”。而其余的索引都作为辅助索引，辅助索引的data域存储相应记录主键的值而不是地址，这也是和MyISAM不同的地方。<strong>在根据主索引搜索时，直接找到key所在的节点即可取出数据；在根据辅助索引查找时，则需要先取出主键的值，再走一遍主索引。</strong> **因此，在设计表的时候，不建议使用过长的字段作为主键，也不建议使用非单调的字段作为主键，这样会造成主索引频繁分裂。</li>
</ul>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="mailto:undefined">蔡哞哞</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://caixm1025.gitee.io/2021/02/26/02-26%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/">https://caixm1025.gitee.io/2021/02/26/02-26%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="https://caixm1025.gitee.io" target="_blank">个人博客</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/everyday/tags/MySQL/">MySQL</a></div><div class="post_share"><div class="social-share" data-image="/everyday/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%8726.jpg" data-sites="facebook,twitter,wechat,weibo,qq"></div><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/social-share.js/dist/css/share.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/social-share.js/dist/js/social-share.min.js" defer></script></div></div><nav class="pagination-post" id="pagination"><div class="prev-post pull-left"><a href="/everyday/2021/02/27/02-27%E9%9D%A2%E8%AF%95%E9%A2%98%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/"><img class="prev-cover" src="/everyday/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%8727.jpg" onerror="onerror=null;src='/everyday/img/404.jpg'" alt="cover of previous post"><div class="pagination-info"><div class="label">上一篇</div><div class="prev_info">02-27面试题学习</div></div></a></div><div class="next-post pull-right"><a href="/everyday/2021/02/25/02-25%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/"><img class="next-cover" src="/everyday/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%8725.jpg" onerror="onerror=null;src='/everyday/img/404.jpg'" alt="cover of next post"><div class="pagination-info"><div class="label">下一篇</div><div class="next_info">02-25算法学习</div></div></a></div></nav><div class="relatedPosts"><div class="headline"><i class="fas fa-thumbs-up fa-fw"></i><span> 相关推荐</span></div><div class="relatedPosts-list"><div><a href="/everyday/2021/03/04/03-04数据库学习/" title="03-04数据库学习"><img class="cover" src="/everyday/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%874.jpg" alt="cover"><div class="content is-center"><div class="date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw"></i> 2021-03-04</div><div class="title">03-04数据库学习</div></div></a></div><div><a href="/everyday/2021/03/06/03-05数据库学习/" title="03-05数据库学习"><img class="cover" src="/everyday/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%875.jpg" alt="cover"><div class="content is-center"><div class="date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw"></i> 2021-03-06</div><div class="title">03-05数据库学习</div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="aside-content" id="aside-content"><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-stream"></i><span>目录</span></div><div class="toc-content"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#MyISAM%E5%92%8CInnoDB%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">MyISAM和InnoDB区别</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%9B%86%E5%8F%8A%E6%A0%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99"><span class="toc-number"></span> <span class="toc-text">字符集及校对规则</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95"><span class="toc-number"></span> <span class="toc-text">索引</span></a></div></div></div></div></main><footer id="footer" style="background-image: url(/everyday/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%8726.jpg)"><div id="footer-wrap"><div class="copyright">&copy;2020 - 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